Why does my HD work on another Mac but not on mine.

Most likely you are hitting a few different issues here

Using your HD bay to hold your HDD drive:

You need to replace the HD SATA cable MacBook Pro 13" Unibody (Mid 2012) Hard Drive Cable and yes! this is the 2012 version which is a better cable! But there is a bit more here! You really need to place a strip of electricians tape on the uppercase where the cable crosses over to the drive as the rough aluminum surface of the uppercase tends to wear the cable. The next action is not folding the cable, you don’t want to do that as the crease damages it! Instead, you want to roll it around a BIC pen ink straw to create a nice radius turn where the cable needs to be bent. Heres the guide you’ll need to follow MacBook Pro (13 Zoll, Ende 2011, Unibody) Festplattenkabel austauschen

For reference: Your Hard Drive Cable Is A Ticking Time Bomb

Using the optical bay to host your HDD drive:

Your system (MacBookPro8,2) has a known issue trying to run SATA III (6.0 Gb/s) drives as the Mac’s optical drive SATA port has a problem! It makes no difference who’s SATA III drive you use or who’s adapter you are using, you need a fixed SATA II (3.0 Gb/s).

For reference: OWC Data Doubler take note to the red warning at the bottom.

Last issue!

Your system’s firmware can also be a factor if you haven’t updated it! Apple limited the SATA port’s I/O speed to SATA II (3.0 Gb/s) in the original systems firmware. It later updated it to support SATA III (6.0 Gb/s) drives. Hopefully your system is not using Lion 10.7.x and you are using El Capitan 10.11.x or newer.