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[title|Capacitors 101] | |
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+ | [page_title|Capacitors 101] |
== Introduction to Capacitors == | |
- | Here is a bit of the dry stuff, just to help understanding what a capacitor is and generally does. A capacitor is a small (most of the time) electrical/electronics component on most circuit boards that can perform various functions. When a capacitor is placed in a circuit with an active current, electrons from the negative side build up on the closest plate. The negative flows to the positive—that is why the negative is the active lead, although many capacitors are not polarized. Once the plate can no longer hold them, they are forced past the dielectric and onto the other plate, thus displacing the electrons back into the circuit. This is called the discharge. Electrical components are very sensitive to voltage swings, and as such a power spike can kill those expensive parts. Capacitors condition DC voltage to other components and thus provide a steady power supply. AC current is rectified by diodes, so instead of AC, there are pulses of DC from zero volts to peak. When a capacitor from the power line is connected to ground and the DC will not pass, but as the pulse fills up the cap, it reduces the current flow and the effective voltage. While the feed voltage goes down to zero, the capacitor begins to leak out its contents, this will smooth the output voltage and current. Therefore a capacitor is placed inline to a component, allowing for absorption of spikes and supplementing valleys, this, in turn, keeps a constant power supply to the component. |
+ | Here is a bit of the dry stuff, just to help understanding what a capacitor is and generally does. A capacitor is a small (most of the time) electrical/electronics component on most circuit boards that can perform various functions. When a capacitor is placed in a circuit with an active current, electrons from the negative side build up on the closest plate. The negative flows to the positive—that is why the negative is the active lead, although many capacitors are not polarized. Once the plate can no longer hold them, they are forced past the dielectric and onto the other plate, thus displacing the electrons back into the circuit. This is called the discharge. Electrical components are very sensitive to voltage swings, and as such a power spike can kill those expensive parts. Capacitors condition [link|https://eepower.com/textbook/vol-i-foundations-power-design/chapter-1-introduction-power/power-dc-circuits|DC voltage] to other components and thus provide a steady power supply. AC current is rectified by diodes, so instead of AC, there are pulses of DC from zero volts to peak. When a capacitor from the power line is connected to ground and the DC will not pass, but as the pulse fills up the cap, it reduces the current flow and the effective voltage. While the feed voltage goes down to zero, the capacitor begins to leak out its contents, this will smooth the output voltage and current. Therefore a capacitor is placed inline to a component, allowing for absorption of spikes and supplementing valleys, this, in turn, keeps a constant power supply to the component. |
There is a multitude of different types of capacitors. They are often used differently in circuits. The all too familiar round tin can style capacitors are usually electrolytic capacitors. They are made with one or two sheets of metal, separated by a dielectric. The dielectric can be air (simplest capacitor) or other non-conductive materials. The metal plate foils, separated by the dielectric, are then rolled up similar to a Fruit Roll-up, and placed into the can. These work great for bulk filtering, but they are not very efficient at high frequencies. | |
[image|260833|align=center] | |
- | Ceramic disc capacitors are ideal for higher frequencies but are not good to do bulk filtering because ceramic disc capacitors get |
+ | Ceramic disc capacitors are ideal for higher frequencies but are not good to do bulk filtering because ceramic disc capacitors get too big in size for higher values of capacitance. In circuits where it is vital to keep a voltage source stable, there is usually a large electrolytic capacitor in parallel with a ceramic disc capacitor. The electrolytic will do most of the work, whereas the small ceramic disc capacitor will filter off the high frequency that the big electrolytic capacitor misses. |
[image|260822|align=center] | |
[image|260834|align=center] | |
- | Here is the one that we are most likely interested in the most, when it comes to iDevices. These are very small in comparison to the before listed capacitors. They are the Surface Mount Device (SMD) caps. Even so they are miniature in size compared to the previous capacitors, the function is still the same. One of the importance, besides the values of these capacitors, is their "package". There is a standardization for the size of these components, i.e. package 0201 - 0.6 mm x 0.3 mm (0.02" x 0.01"). The package size for the ceramic SMD capacitors follows the same package for SMD resistors. This makes it almost impossible to determine if it is a capacitor or a resistor by visualization. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_technology|Here is] a good description of the individual size based on package numbers. |
+ | Here is the one that we are most likely interested in the most, when it comes to iDevices. These are very small in comparison to the before listed capacitors. They are the Surface Mount Device (SMD) caps. Even so they are miniature in size compared to the previous capacitors, the function is still the same. One of the importance, besides the values of these capacitors, is their "package". There is a standardization for the size of these components, i.e. package 0201 - 0.6 mm x 0.3 mm (0.02" x 0.01"). The package size for the ceramic SMD capacitors follows the same package for SMD resistors. This makes it almost impossible to determine if it is a capacitor or a resistor by visualization. [link|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_technology|Here is] a good description of the individual size based on package numbers. |
[image|260823|caption=SMDs on a PCB] | |
[image|260863|align=center] | |
- | This particular capacitor has a capacitance of 220μF (micro farad) with a tolerance of 20%. This means that is could be anywhere between 176μF and 264μF. It has a voltage rating of 160V. |
+ | This particular capacitor has a capacitance of 220μF (micro farad) with a tolerance of 20%. This means that is could be anywhere between 176μF and 264μF. It has a voltage rating of 160V. The arrangement of the leads all show that it is a radial capacitor. Both leads exit on one side versus an axial arrangement where one lead exits from either side of the capacitors body. Also, the arrowed stripe on the side of the capacitor indicates the polarity, the arrows are pointing towards the ***negative pin***. |
- | Now the main question here is, how to [http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2013/06/how-to-check-capacitor-with-digital.html|check a capacitor] to see if it needs replacing. |
+ | Now the main question here is, how to [link|http://www.electricaltechnology.org/2013/06/how-to-check-capacitor-with-digital.html|check a capacitor] to see if it needs replacing. |
To perform a check on a capacitor while it is still installed in a circuit, an ESR meter will be necessary. If the capacitor is removed from the circuit then a multimeter set as an ohm meter can be used, ''but only to perform an all-or-nothing test''. This test will only show if the capacitor is completely dead, or not. It will ''not'' determine if the capacitor is in good or poor condition. To determine if a capacitor is functioning at the right value (capacitance), a capacitor tester will be necessary. Of course, this also holds true to determine the value of an unknown capacitor. | |
- | The meter used for this Wiki is the cheapest one available at any department store. For these test it is also advisable to use an analog multimeter. It will show the movement in a more visual way than a digital multimeter that only |
+ | The meter used for this Wiki is the cheapest one available at any department store. For these test it is also advisable to use an analog multimeter. It will show the movement in a more visual way than a digital multimeter that only displays rapidly changing numbers. This should enable anybody to perform these tests without spending a fortune on something like a Fluke meter. |
Always discharge a capacitor before testing it, it will be a shocking surprise if this does not get done. Very small capacitors can be discharged by bridging both leads with a screw driver. A better way of doing it would be by discharging the capacitor through a load. In this case alligator cables and a resistor will accomplish this. Here is a [guide|2177|great site] showing how to construct a discharge tools. | |
[image|260913|align=center] | |
- | Some capacitors do not require any test to determine failure. If a visual inspection of the capacitors reveal any sign of bulging tops, those need to be replaced. This is the most common failure in power supplies. When replacing a capacitor, it is of utmost importance to replace it with a capacitor of the same, or higher value. Never |
+ | Some capacitors do not require any test to determine failure. If a visual inspection of the capacitors reveal any sign of bulging tops, those need to be replaced. This is the most common failure in power supplies. When replacing a capacitor, it is of utmost importance to replace it with a capacitor of the same, or higher value. Never substitute with a capacitor of lesser value. |
[image|261020|align=center] | |
- | If the capacitor that is going to be replaced or checked, does not have any markings on it, a schematic will be necessary. The image below from [http://eteforum.blogspot.com/2013/04/capacitors-how-they-work.html|here] shows a few symbols for capacitors that are used on a schematic. |
+ | If the capacitor that is going to be replaced or checked, does not have any markings on it, a schematic will be necessary. The image below from [link|http://eteforum.blogspot.com/2013/04/capacitors-how-they-work.html|here] shows a few symbols for capacitors that are used on a schematic. |
[image|261028|align=center] | |
This Wiki is pretty much just the basics about what to look for on a capacitor, it is in no way complete. To learn more about any of the common electronic components, there is a plethora of good on and offline course available. | |
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+ | == Popular Capacitor Vendors == |
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+ | [link|https://www.eaton.com/elx|Eaton Electronics] |
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+ | [link|https://www.maxwell.com/|Maxwell] |
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+ | [link|https://www.digikey.com/|Digikey] |
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+ | [link|https://www.mouser.com/|Mouser] |
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