I would start by getting a schematic or board view file to follow the circuit path from plugging in the adapter then need to test for short in the circuit. It be difficult to tell you exact problem without diagnosing it with an ammeter but from your analysis it is possible to have a bad charging ic where some of the solder contacts became loose on the charger side and partially still intact is why working on the wireless side
Are you connecting ssd drive as a second drive externally like a ssd to usb adaptor? either way you need to partition the secondary drive and set a simple volume to it to be recognized by computer. If your drive is not hardware or water damaged it should work. You can search disk management for more info. hope that helps.